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Showing posts with label National Oceanic Administration. Show all posts
Showing posts with label National Oceanic Administration. Show all posts

Tuesday, December 28, 2010

Stranded by trains, planes after Northeast storm

NEW YORK (Profile Facts) — When Angela Madsen was pulled off her plane and her wheelchair stayed on board, she knew she was in for a rough night. The paraplegic athlete struggled to get into the bathrooms at Kennedy Airport. Turning the wheels on her borrowed wheelchair strained her shoulders. Sleeping was impossible.
"I actually got out of it and laid on the floor," Madsen said.
It was, she said, a miserable time — one that was shared by millions of people on Monday, in travails big and small, serious and surreal, after the blizzard of December 2010 sucker-punched the northeastern U.S. during one of the busiest travel days of the year.
Air travel in the nation's busiest airspace nearly shut down, and thousands of stranded passengers turned terminals into open-air hotels while they waited for planes to take off and land on plowed runways. Flights slowly resumed, although experts said it would likely take several days to rebook all the displaced passengers.
A tractor-trailer skidded off a road and smashed into a house in Maine. A woman went into labor on a New Jersey highway, causing a traffic jam that stranded 30 vehicles. Rails on the normally reliable New York subway shorted out. Winds topping 65 mph ripped power lines, leaving tens of thousands of people in the dark across New England.
This storm simply didn't play fair, cold-cocking the Northeast with more than 2 feet of snow on a holiday weekend when everyone seemed to be out of town, groggy with holiday cheer or just unprepared.
In New York, residents outside Manhattan complained of a sluggish response by snow plow crews who still hadn't finished clearing the streets. State Sen. Carl Kruger, a Democrat who represents Brooklyn, called the city's response a "colossal failure." Fire officials said the unplowed streets and abandoned cars made it harder to respond to emergencies, including a five-alarm, wind-whipped blaze at a Queens apartment building Monday night.
A testy Mayor Michael Bloomberg defended the city's cleanup effort, saying the crews were being slowed down by abandoned cars on the streets.
"There's no reason for everybody to panic," he said. "Our city is doing exactly what you'd want it to do."
After spending Sunday night tossing and turning on airport floors, thousands of bleary-eyed travelers spent Monday standing in lines, begging for flights, fighting for taxis and hunting for hotel rooms.
The storm wreaked havoc on almost every form of conveyance: from the buses at the nation's busiest terminal near Times Square to the region's usually punctual commuter trains.
Little problems quickly snowballed: On New Jersey's Garden State Parkway, a motorist struggled to find the shoulder of the road after his wife went into labor, causing a traffic jam that eventually stranded 30 vehicles, state trooper Chris Menello said. Among them were two buses full of people returning from Atlantic City.
Two of the New York area's major airports — LaGuardia and Kennedy — began to receive inbound flights on Monday night. Newark Liberty began receiving inbound flights Tuesday morning. Hundreds of flights were canceled at all three airports.
Those two magic words — "on time" — lit up at least half the departure boards early Tuesday at LaGuardia, where passengers stretched out sleeping under blankets along the windowsill of a food court. The airport ran out of cots, 30-year-old Shiv Kumar of Chicago said.
"I hardly slept. It's very uncomfortable — people moving around, cell phones ringing, children crying," Kumar said.
Kumar was on standby for a flight to Chicago after having two flights canceled since Sunday. If he doesn't get out Tuesday, he said, "I'll start driving."
Across the region, the storm's aftermath was punctuated by surreal moments, like the sight of Adrian Traylor, 29, roaming the Newark airport terminal in a kilt and bare legs as subfreezing winds howled outside.
Traylor, who lives in Scotland, was on his way to visit relatives in Las Vegas and said he wore the kilt to impress his family.
"I didn't think I'd be wearing it this long," he said.
In Newport, Maine, 81-year-old Marguerite Fowler and her husband were asleep when an 18-wheeler full of tree bark lost control on an icy road at 2:10 a.m. and obliterated their home's sun room.
"I thought it was a bomb," Fowler said. "We don't need all that excitement at our age."
Christopher Mullen returned from sunny Cancun, Mexico, to find his car buried in the snow in long-term parking at Kennedy Airport. After trying to dig it out and getting soaked in the process, he finally gave up and took the subway — which promptly broke down.
Mullen and his girlfriend spent eight hours in a freezing subway car, shivering under a thin blanket.
The storm, which dumped 20 inches of snow in Central Park Sunday, was New York City's sixth-worst since record-keeping began in 1869, said Adrienne Leptich, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service. A February 2006 storm dropped 26.9 inches of snow on Central Park, breaking the previous record, set in 1947, by half an inch.
The storm was sprawling and fickle, dropping 29 inches on Staten Island; 32 on Rahway, N.J.; 10 on Franklin, S.C., about 12 on Philadelphia; and 19 in South Boston but only 6.5 in West Hartford, Conn., according to the Weather Service.
It spared no one, not even men who travel on ice for a living. A bus carrying the Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team got stuck in the blizzard for four hours while trying to return to their hotel after a game against the New Jersey Devils. And, members of the U.S. luge team lost two days of training after they were stranded on their way to Koenigssee, Germany.
In Philadelphia, pedestrians dodged chunks of ice blown off skyscrapers. New York taxi driver Shafqat Hayat struggled to get his car moving Monday after spending the night trapped on an unplowed street.
"I've seen a lot of snow before, but on the roads, I've never seen so many cars stuck in 22 years," Hayat said.
Some travelers tried to make the best of it. At the Newark airport, Frank Mann, his son 9-year-old son Stephen and his girlfriend Jackie Douglas said their night on the terminal floor was sort of like taking a camping trip.
They made beds out of luggage trays turned upside down, ate hot dogs from the snack bar and even did some bird-watching: pigeons seeking refuge from the elements were taking baths in puddles of water dripping from the ceiling.
"This airport becomes a whole different place at night," said Mann, a 53-year-old lawyer from Houston.
When things got boring, Stephen pulled out his Kindle to finish a book he had started before getting stranded.
The book was about another youngster stranded far from home by bad weather: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
Hawley reported from Newark, N.J. Contributing to this report were Associated Press writers Glen Johnson in Haverhill, Mass,; David Sharp in Portland, Maine; Leon Drouin Keith, Sara Kugler Frazier, Samantha Gross, Samantha Henry, Karen Matthews, Adam Pemble and David Porter in New York; Deepti Hajela in Fort Lee, N.J.; George Walsh in Albany, N.Y., and Geoff Mulvihill in Haddonfield, N.J.

(source:ap)

Monday, December 27, 2010

Cold storm moves into Arizona

Cold storm moved through the state Sunday, with record-low temperatures forecast in Phoenix, Flagstaff and Tucson.
Sunshine and higher temperatures are predicted to return Tuesday.
On Sunday, the system was expected to bring down the Valley's toasty temperatures to 60 degrees, much chillier than the average typical highs of the mid- to high 70s.

The record high for March 16 was 99 degrees, and set just last year, when Valley residents were slathering on sunscreen instead of bundling up. On Sunday, the Valley neared the record low-high temperature of 58 degrees, set back in 1952.
"It's pretty cold for this time of year," said Paul Iniguez, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service in Phoenix.
Scattered showers and snow were expected to fall in the Valley's outlying areas, he said.
Flagstaff on Sunday was forecast to hit 33 degrees, flirting with its 2002 record of 31 degrees. Tucson, meanwhile, was forecast to reach 57 degrees, just shy of its 1987 record of 56 degrees.

Monday's temperatures will be in the lower to mid 60s, Iniguez said. The cold front should move out by Tuesday and temperatures are expected to climb back to the 70s.

By Wednesday, the Valley is predicted to warm up to the 80s, and settle there for the remainder of the workweek.
See also 

Thursday, December 23, 2010

NAVTEX

NAVTEX (Navigational Telex) is an international automated medium frequency direct-printing service for delivery of navigational and meteorological warnings and forecasts, as well as urgent marine safety information to ships. It was developed to provide a low-cost, simple, and automated means of receiving this information aboard ships at sea within approximately 370 km (200 nautical miles) of shore. NAVTEX stations in the U.S. are operated by the United States Coast Guard. There are no user fees associated with receiving NAVTEX broadcasts.
Where the messages contain weather forecasts, an abbreviated format very similar to the shipping forecast is used.
NAVTEX is a component of the International Maritime Organization/International Hydrographic Organization Worldwide Navigation Warning Service (WWNWS). NAVTEX is also a major element of the Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS). International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) mandated certain classes of vessels must carry NAVTEX, beginning August 1, 1993.

Technical Information

NAVTEX transmissions are also called narrow-band direct printing (NBDP). The transmissions are layered on top of SITOR mode B. SITOR-B is a forward error correcting (FEC) broadcast that uses the CCIR 476 character set. SITOR-B is also used in amateur radio, where it is known as AMTOR-B or AMTOR-FEC. NAVTEX/SITOR/AMTOR broadcasts use 100 baud FSK modulation with a frequency shift of 170 Hz
NAVTEX broadcasts are primarily made on the Medium frequencies of 518 kHz and 490 kHz. The international NAVTEX frequency is 518 kHz[1], and these broadcasts should always be in English. Regional transmission of NAVTEX uses 490 kHz specifically for broadcasts in local languages. It is not used in the U.S.
NAVTEX Marine Safety Information (MSI) transmissions also take place on HF at 4209.5 kHz using FEC mode.


NAVTEX Message Format

NAVTEX messages are transmitted using binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK) at 100 bit/s and a 170 Hz frequency shift. The characters are encoded using the 7-bit CCIR 476 character set and basic error detection is enabled by employing forward error correction (FEC). This is the same format as the SITOR-B (AMTOR) format.
A NAVTEX message is built on SITOR collective B-mode and consists of:
a phasing signal of at least ten seconds
the four characters "ZCZC" that identify the end of phasing
a single space
four characters B1, B2, B3 and B4 (see below)
a carriage return and a line feed
the information
the four characters "NNNN" to identify the end of information
a carriage return and two line feeds
an end of emission idle signal α for at least 2 seconds.
B1 is an alpha character identifying the station, and B2 is an alpha character used to identify the subject of the message. Receivers use these characters to reject messages from certain stations or if the message contains subjects of no interest to the user.
B3 and B4 are two-digit numerics identifying individual messages, used by receivers to keep already received messages from being repeated.
For example, a message containing B1B2B3B4 characters of 'FE01' from a U.S. NAVTEX Station indicates a weather forecast message from Boston MA.
NAVTEX message example:
(phasing signals >= 10 seconds)
ZCZC FE01
(message text ...)
NNNN

(end of message phasing signals for >= 2 seconds before next message)


Start of message
ZCZC begins the message.


Transmitter identity (B1)
This character defines the transmitter identity and its associated coverage area.
Subject indicator character (B2)
The subject indicator character is used by the receiver to identify different classes of messages below. The indicator is also used to reject messages concerning certain optional subjects which are not required by the ship (e.g. LORAN C messages might be rejected in a ship which is not fitted with a LORAN C receiver).
NAVTEX broadcasts use following subject indicator characters:
A Navigational warnings 1
B Meteorological warnings 1
C Ice reports
D Search & rescue information, and pirate warnings 1
E Meteorological forecasts
F Pilot service messages
G AIS messages
H LORAN messages
I Not used
J SATNAV messages (i.e. GPS or GLONASS)
K Other electronic navaid messages
L Navigational warnings - additional to letter A (Should not be rejected by the receiver)
T Test transmissions (UK only - not official)
V Notice to fishermen (U.S. only - currently not used)
W Environmental (U.S. only - currently not used)
X Special services - allocation by IMO NAVTEX Panel
Y Special services - allocation by IMO NAVTEX Panel
Z No message on hand
Note: Receivers use the B2 character to identify messages which, because of their importance, can not be rejected (designated by a 1). The subject indicator characters B, F and G are normally not used in the United States since the National Weather Service normally includes meteorological warnings in forecast messages. Meteorological warnings are broadcast using the subject indicator character E. U.S. Coast Guard District Broadcast Notices to Mariners affecting ships outside the line of demarcation, and inside the line of demarcation in areas where deep draft vessels operate, use the subject indicator character A.


Serial number of message (B3, B4)
These two characters define the serial number of each B2 message type (class). Generally serial numbers start with the numbers '01', however in special circumstances, the numbers begin with '00'. This forces the receiver to print the message.


Time of origin
The time of the transmission of the message is in UTC.


Message text
The full text of the message follows.


End of message
The end of the message is asserted when the characters "NNNN" are received.


NAVTEX Transmission Schedule

Each station identifier has a fixed 10 minute time slot, starting with A at 0000UTC. The time slots are repeated at 4 hour intervals. Within each time slot, a mix of navigation warnings, weather forecasts, ice information and other content may be sent, and this is normally according to a structured plan for that specific station. For example, in the first and third time slot they may decide to transmit navigation warnings, and weather forecasts in the others.
Details of all transmitting stations and their schedules may be found at www.pcnavtex.com


NAVTEX receivers

NAVTEX receivers which are approved for GMDSS contain an internal printer and/or a scrollable display, and cost between $800–$1500. A new generation of NAVTEX receivers intended for non-GMDSS applications such as the recreational community is now entering the marketplace. These receivers include features such as LCD screens and RS-232 output and have a purchase price in the $300–$500 range. In the UK they can be purchased for £115. There are also a number of NAVTEX engines available that do not have any user interface, and just output decoded data in RS-232 format, either as a simple ASCII data stream, or using the NMEA NAVTEX sentences, or their own proprietary protocol.
There are also a number of software packages available allowing messages to be decoded by a PC with a suitable receiver connected to the computer's soundcard. Any general communications receiver capable of audio reception at 518 kHz or 490 kHz single sideband can be used.


NAVTEX via Internet

Some organisations have gateways through which web users can access the NAVTEX bulletins using a browser:
Greece (Hellenic National Meteorological Service HNMS) (click on Maritime Bulletin)
JCOMM official web site provides the marine weather information broadcast via Inmarsat-C SafetyNET
Worldwide NAVTEX messages Messages from live receivers across the world including Japanese language messages
Messages from a live receiver in Suffolk, England.
Messages from a live receiver in Suffolk, England. sent via Twitter!


(source:wikipedia)